this isn't goodbye, it's see you later

As tomorrow is the last day of chem,
I'd just like to say thank you to everyone who has contributed to the fun in this class. You guys have made days brighter, and have helped me get through this crime they call 'summer school'. Anyways, I hope you guys all have an amazing rest of summer and have a great time reading our summer reading books!

I will miss our pointless conversations, and Dr. Forman's iconic laugh. I will also miss Kevin and his demos, and our little study sessions before mini quizzes, madee's contagious yawning, madison and max's chemistry, berkley's beat, noah's haircut, Kelly's endless science reports, dani's kindness, Taylor's redhairedness, Izzy's love for bands, and so much more.  But I think that I will miss all of you most. I guess you really get to know people once you spend four hours in a room with them a day.
Love you all!
Thanks,
Abi

412

9.
10. solution
13. a.2.11% b.0.009%
14. ocean, glaciers, water vapor, rivers
15. yes
16. Well, it is possible because water molecules do not just disappear.

495

1. Purifying water is taking out all of the bad bacteria and diseases.
2.boiling, adding chlorine, and filtration
3. bacteria and minerals
4. a. Too much salt b.boiling
5.
6. Yes it has, because we keep using it more and more.
7.ocean water
8. Land will dry out because the water will flow to the ocean.

11.
12. in order to prevent horrible effects
13. fluoride is added to reduce tooth decay
18. Untreated water is very bad because it can be harmful to the human body.
19. It will cause trihalomethane's.

love, love, love

   The Science of Falling in Love

A new study conducted by Syracuse University professor Stephanie Ortigue is called, "The Neuroimaging of love."

This new study shows love cannot only give off the same feeling as using cocaine, but also affects intellectual areas of the brain. Researchers also have found that falling in love only takes about one fifth of a second!

Results from Ortigue's team have found that when a person falls in love, twelve areas of the brain work to release euphoria-inducing chemicals such as dopamine, adrenaline, and vasopression.
The feeling of love can also affect mental representation, metaphors, and body image.

The study also shows that different parts of the brain fall for love. Unconditional love, like mother to her son, is sparked by common and different brain areas, including the middle of the brain. Passionate love, on the other hand, is sparked by cognitive brain areas.

Other researchers have found that blood levels of nerve growth factor INCREASE. Those levels were much higher in people who had recently fallen in love. This molecule plays an important role in the phenomenon 'love at first sight'.  Ortigue states, "These results confirm that love has a scientific basis."

The actions we take for the people we love.

The way to tell someone that they belong with you. 

               http://www.syr.edu/news/articles/2010/ortigue-neuroimaging-of-love-10-10.html

Blog of the day!

All movements within the carbon cycle either require or release energy.
SO, plants use carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to form carbohydrates by means of photosynthesis.
Carbs are then consumed by other organisms, and are eventually broken down or oxidized. And, releasing energy for use by the organisms that consumed them.

71 percent of earth's carbon atoms are dissolved in its oceans. And 22 percent are trapped in fossil fuels and in carbonate rocks formed when dissolved CO2 reacted with water, producing carbonates, then sediments, and then rocks.

Carbon cycle
-NAtural movement of carbon within earth's systems
-Can be affected by burning fossil fuels.

383

1. A biomolecule is any molecule produced by a human organism, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

2.
a.Natural gas
b.Natural gas
c.Nuclear fission

3. Petroleum, natural gas, and also coal.

4. The source of the energy stored in biomolecules is the sun.

5. The use of automobiles has become more and more common. Also population has continued to grow, and objects are continued to be made.

354

17.
a. Coal and oil
b.atmosphere and limestone
c.breathing and deforestation

18.

19.

20.

D.5 YAY!

354
10.
11.
a.C5H12 + 8 O2--->5 CO2 +6 H2O
b. C3H8 + 5O2--->3CO2 +4H20
c. 2 6CH14 +19O2 --->14 H2O

336

1.
a.Pulling apart magnets is similar to breaking chemical bonds because 2 parts come together to create one thing, and then those are being torn apart as well. Also, they both have opposite attractions towards each other.
b.Pulling apart magnets involves adding energy because it is the force that pulls them apart.
c. Adding energy is needed in both situations, acting like a force to pull things apart.
d.This is similar because energy involved in making chemical bonds because the energy is subdued in order to bring the magnets together,

2.
a. No because endothermic means that energy is being added. But here, energy is being released.
b.Biochemicals from prehistoric animals and plants.

Blog of the Day: C.2 and C.4

Whether a chemical reaction is endothermic or exothermic relies on how much energy is added (endo) in bond breaking and how much energy is given off (exo) in bond making.

Endothermic change---> If more energy is added than given off

Exothermic Change---> If more energy is given off than is added.

Example of exothermic change: formation of chemical bonds

Example of endothermic change: melting of ice cubes

Potential energy: energy associated with position

Kinetic energy:: Energy related to motion

page 354

1.Petroleum is sometimes considered buried sunshine because it is a fossil fuel. Pressure, heat, and microbes converted what was once living matter into petroleum, which became trapped in porous rocks.

2. 1. Stretching a rubber band. 2. A wheel turning

3. During a chemical reaction, bonds are breaking and forming in order to create new substances.

4. A Molecule of Methane has ore potential energy.

5. a. potential b. Potential c. kinetic  d. potential  e.kinetic

6. The law of conservation of energy states that no energy is nether created or destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical process.

7. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because energy is used as a kind of force to break them.

8. a. Exothermic b.endothermic c. Endothermic

9. The reactants give off all energy to make the product so it is exothermic.

1. Covalent bonds allow atoms to share valence electrons.

3. The electrons are shared as they give both what they need.

4.  Each little dot is a valence electron.

5. Dashes represent which atoms share which electron.

Want blue eyes???

New laser surgery technique can turn your brown eyes blue.

Eyes are probably the first thing we notice about a person when we meet them.

Laguna beach doctor Greg Homer has developed a new procedure that can actually convert brown-colored eyes into blue eyes in only a matter of weeks. Using a laser, the doctor actually alters the cells that provide the brown coloration in the eye. After a few weeks, the darker color begins to fade, revealing the blue pigment  underneath. But, this procedure only works with people with brown eyes, as they already have the blue pigment underneath. The actual procedure only takes around twenty seconds to complete!

Doctor Greg Homer has already been contacted by THOUSANDS of potential clients, as many people love blue eyes. His company, Stroma Medical, has been working on this for over ten years, and they say that this procedure will be available within three years.

Each procedure will cost about five thousand dollars, and as the brown coloring doesn't seem to regenerate, this will be permanent and irreversible. So, if you end up regretting this, you will never ever ever be brown-eyed again.

before this amazing procedure

after this amazing procedure

http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/technology-blog/laser-surgery-technique-turn-brown-eyes-blue-170428337.html

page 295

24. Methane, Pentane, Hexane, Octane.

25.
a.
b.The branch chain would have the lower boiling point, and the straight chain would have the higher boiling point.

26.
a. A short, straight chain. This is because there are less molecules.
b. A short branched chain.  This is because there are less molecules.
c. A short branched chain. This is because straight chains have a higher boiling point.

page 282

1. a. The data is organized by boiling points. b. Yes it is useful because we know there are less molecules.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

page 286

6. C4H10 and C5H10

7.a. heptane and nonane b.C7H16 and C9H20

8. a. C25H50 b. molecular

page 295

17.
a.C9H2O
b.C10H22
c.C16H34
d.C18H38

18.
a. 128 grams
b. 142 grams
c.226 grams
d.254 grams

19.
a.C3H8
b.C5H12

20. yes

21. On seperate piece of paper

22. Ethane

23. They both have the same amount of atoms so they're both correct.

A.4-A.6

page 294

9. Density differences only work if substances are insoluble, (so petroleum doesn't work).

10. Water and Acetone because they have the largest difference.

11. (on paper)

12.(on paper)

13. Fractional distillation is different because it is the process of separating mixtures into its components by boiling and condensing its components.

14. 1. Gas oil 2. Grease 3. Jelly

15.  I expect it to be the bottom because they are more difficult to separate and this requires thermal energy to vaporize.

16. You could separate them by the most differing boiling points!

Blog of the Day: A.1-A.3

Crude Oil: Unrefined liquid petroleum pumped underground by oil wells.

-Varies form colorless to greenish-brown to black, and can be as fluid as water or resistant to flow like tar.

-One cannot use crude commercially in its natural state, as it must be separated into simpler mixtures.


Hydrocarbons: Molecular compounds that contain only atoms of the elements hydrogen and carbon.

Petroleum
-Provides about half of the U.S.'s annual energy needs

-Most is used as fuel.

-Also used in cars, jackets, to provide heat in homes, and more!

-89% of petroleum is burned as fuel.

-7% used fir producing new substances!

-4% used as miscellaneous products.

Section A.1-A.3

Page 294

1. Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds that contain only atoms of the elements hydrogen and carbon.

2. Refining a resource is removing any unwanted materials from it.

3. Petroleum can be used in a variety of ways, as it can be a material in a sweater, or used to generator electricity.

4. Not very likely. This is because it needs to be separated into simpler mixtures.

5. Crude oil is unrefined liquid petroleum as it is pumped from the ground by oil wells.

6.
a. 11%
b. 89%

7. Fossil Fuels are obtained from crude petroleum

8.
a. Jacket, helmet, video-game controller, and carpets.
b. Different kinds of fabric.

Section D summary probs.

page 140

13. Steel

14. Brass is an alloy made up of copper and zinc. Brass is harder than copper metal and is ofo a golden color. It is used in plumbing and lighting fixtures, rivets, screws, and ships.

15. Sustainability: present-day activities that preserve the ability of future generations to thrive and meet their resource needs.

16. a. Reusing is the act of using something again, while recycling is to convert something into a previous stage making it reusable. b. An example of reusing is taking lightbulbs and turing them into beautiful vases for flowers! An example of recycling is taking paper and turning into a beautiful paper dress!

17. a. solar power, hydroelectric power, wind, and geothermal energy. b. nuclear fuel, fossil fuels, uranium, gold.

18. a. reusing b. recycling c. reusing

19. They are alike because they were both made and then used until the last disposal.

20. Because a scientific law cannot be opinionated as correct or incorrect, as it is scientific fact.

The Physics of Volleyball

Volleyball consists of serving, passing, setting, hitting, and blocking.

In 1895, WIlliam Morgan invented the sport of volleyball.

Force: F= m x v

The mass of the ball stays the same, but the acceleration of the ball varies. When force is applied, the volleyball goes in the direction the force is exerted. The max of the ball can be from .26-.28 kg

Momentum: M= m x v

This is the quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity. When hitting, you want to put as much momentum as you can into the volleyball. The shorter time your hand is in contact with the ball, greater the momentum. 

Newton's First Law: "law of inertial"

An object will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. 
Example: When the ball falls it will continue to fall until it hits the ground or is passed by another player. Also, the net will stay at rest unless it's hit by a player or ball. 

Newton's second Law: "F=m x a"

Acceleration is produced when a force acts like a mass. 
Example: the force the volleyball is hit with.

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 
Example:Action-serving or spiking. Reaction-Ball bouncing off on the receiver's arm. 

 On my volleyball team at school, I played the position as middle blocker!!!:)

Blocking is a very useful tool in volleyball, because it serves as an obstacle for the offensive hitter and helps defend. Blocking allows a portion of the court of be taken away from the hitter and allows the defense to play more court because that area is shut off.  To successfully block, the hands and arms have to seal the net, creating a wall for the hitter to work around.  If there are two blockers, the outside blocker angles his or her hands so that the hitter can not knock the ball off their hands and out of bounds.

The hands on a block should have the fingers spread far apart and the thumbs should point towards the ceiling, maximizing the amount of area occupied and putting the strongest jointed finger directly in front of the ball. The blocker is located at the net and jumps straight up, reaching up and over the net to try and stop the hit from the opposite team and direct it back into their court. 

D.8-D.10

page 141

9.
a. 1Ca(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4---> 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4
b. 2C8H18 + 25O2--->16CO2 +18H20

10.
a.
Na-2---->Na-1, 2
S-1------>S-1
O-4----->O-4
K-2----->K-2
CL-1,2--->Cl-1,2

b. NO he did not. He changed the subscript instead of changing the coefficient. This is VERY WRONG because in this way you are changing its identity, as you ruin the entire equation.

c. Na2SO4 + 2KCl ---> 2NaCl + K2SO4

11. An alloy is a solid solution consisting of atoms of two or more metals.

Blog of the day: D.5-D.7

A control is a trial that duplicates all conditions except for the variable under investigation.

A renewable resource is a resource that can be replenished by natural processes over the time frame of human experience.

Some Suggestions:

1. If polyatomic ions, such as NO3- and CO3 2-, appear as both reactants and products, treat them as units, rather that balancing their atoms individually!

2. If water is involved in the reaction, balance hydrogen and oxygen atoms last!

3. RE-count all atoms after you think an equation is balanced, just to be sure!

D.5-D.7

p. 131

1.
a. 2C(s) + O2(g) ---> 2CO(g)
b. BALANCED

2. 2CuO (s) + C(s)---> C(s) + CO2(g)

3. O2 + O3 ---> O2 + O3

4. N 2H3 (g) + O2 (g) ---> NO2  (g) + H2O (l)

5. BALANCED

6. C8H18 (l) + 2 O2(g) + 9H2) (g) + Ag(s)

p. 140

2.
a. NaHCO3 + HCl ---> NaCl + H2O +C02
b. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2  6 H2O

4. Scientific Law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describe some aspect of the world. A scientific law always applies under the same conditions, and implies that there is a relationship involving elements.

6. This is because the law states that atoms are forever! This means that atoms are rearranged, not disposed or thrown away.

Section D1-D4

p.121

3.
a. Hydrochloric acid and magnesium reacts to make hydrogen and magnesium chloride.
b. comp, element, element, compound.
c. (on separate piece of paper)

p.125-126

1.
a. methane and oxygen gas reacts to become carbon dioxide and water.
b. (on separate piece of paper)
c. Reactants: Ch4 + 2 O2 Products: CO2 + 2H2O
d. not balanced

2.
a. hydrochloric acid and magnesium form hydrogen gas and magnesium bromide.
b. (on separate piece of paper)
c. Reactants: HBr + Mg Products: H2 + H2O
d. not balanced

3.
a. metallic silver and hydrogen sulfide react to form silver sulfide and water.
b. (on paper)
c. Reactants: 4 Ag + 4 H2S  Products: 2 Ag2S + 4H2O
d.not balanced

4.
a. iron and cordon monoxide react to form iron and carbon dioxide.
b. (on paper)
c. Reactants: Fe2O3 + 3CO Products: 2 Fe + 3 CO2
d. Not balanced

Summary
p. 140

1. c. (a) Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas react to become hydrochloric acid. AND THEN (b) Hydrogen and oxygen react to become water and oxygen gas.

3. The law of conversion of matter: in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. Molecules can be converted and decomposed by chemical processes, but ATOMS ARE FOREVER!

5.
a. not balanced
b. not balanced
c. not balanced

USING REDOX REACTIONS TO OBTAIN PURE METALS

So many techniques!!!

The specific technique chosen depends on the mat al's reactivity and the availability of inexpensive reducing agents and energy sources. 

Electrometallurgy involves using an electric current to supply electrons to metal ions, reducing them. Pyrometallurgy involves treating metals and their ores with thermal energy (heat). Carbon and carbon monoxide are common reducing agents here. They provide electrons; metal ions are then reduced to form metal atoms. A more reactive metal can be used if neither of these reducing agents will do the job. Hydrometallurgy involves treating ores and other metal-containing materials with reactants in water solution.

GO over these ideas in order to study for your amazing final exam!!!

Section C

p.113

21. a. i. 68% ii. 10% iii. 7%

22. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide have different masses.

23. Oxidation loses electrons, but Reduction gains.

25. a. Reduction b.Oxidation c.Reduction

26.  a. Ni2+Aq b. Zn(s) c. Ni2+Aq

27. a. Hg2+(aq) b.2K(s) c. Hg2+(aq)

28.  a. Al+Cr +Al3    b.Mn2+ + 2e- a Mg

29. a. Uses electric current to supply electrons to metal ions. b.Treats metals and their ores with thermal energy (heat). c. Hydrometallurgy treats ores with ores and other metal-containing materials with reactants with water solution.

30. a. Electrometallurgy b. Pyrometallurgy

I'm only gonna break break ya break break your heart

Many of us have been there: hearing the words, “It’s not you, it’s me,” or, “Maybe we should just be friends.” Others have dealt with the death of a loved one or role model. And while each end to a relationship is different one feeling is common: heartbreak.

 Heartbreak Really Does Hurt, Heartbreak is a term used to describe crushing grief, anguish, and distress, often because of the pains and strains of love. The experience of heartbreak can be so intense that some scientists suggest it feels the same as physical pain.

In one study, people showed similar brain activity when they viewed a photo of a former loved one and when they felt extreme heat on their arm.“Heartbreak can be so intense that some scientists suggest it feels the same as physical pain.” 

In fact, it might even be true that people can die of a broken heart. The period of mourning after a death brings increased blood pressure and heart rate, which can raise cardiovascular risk.

 Another study of people who recently lost their spouse found that the stress involved with mourning increased the risk of dying from a heart attack by 20 to 35 percent. Looks like heartbreak really can hurt the human heart.

"Pain is the way the mind responds to trouble inside the body," says Alex Zautra, a professor of psychology at Arizona State University."  Emotion is the same way. Whether you feel love or sadness is also a response to something you feel outside the body. With pain it is a closer response to something inside the body, but it is a response to learn and motivate recovery.

The depression caused by heartbreak creates a barrier that can prevent us from feeling and experiencing life to the fullest. Symptoms range from isolation from society to physical sickness and pain. You lose a part of yourself when connections are lost, and its not far-fetched to say that you feel completely empty inside. There's an ache, a deep ache that explodes from the inside of our bodies longing for the past. The pain is real and there's no other way to describe how bad it really hurts than to name it heartbreak. It's a longing for the past and the pain of feeling completely empty and well... alone. 

It makes it hard to get up in the morning and to get through the day, but all wounds are healed through time, and so you hope for the future to come quickly.

                                       warning: graphic images                                           

http://greatist.com/happiness/science-broken-heart

Abstract: In this lab, we found out how reactive and how un-reactive certain metals are. We also found out how those certain metals reacted when coming into contact with certain nitrate solutions. We noticed the chemical properties and the physical properties in the changing of the metals. The least reactive metal was Copper, which only reacted to one of the three solutions. Magnesium and Zinc were equally reactive when coming into contact with the solutions. 

Metals	Observations	Results
1 Cu	Has luster	1, 3, & 4. Nothing Changes  2. Turned black	1 = Cu Nitrate 2 = Ag Nitrate 3 = Zn Nitrate 4 =  Mg Nitrate
2 Mg	Silver color	1.Became bubbly  2.Turned black 3. No reaction 4. No reaction
3 Zn	Skinny and malleable	1. liquid turns foggy and green  2. Turned black 3. No reaction 4. No reaction

1. Mg
2. Cu4) 
3. None it is not reactive.

4) 1.Zinc 2.Magnesium 3.Copper
5)A.The outer layer of a penny is made of copper because it is lustrous and more appealing to use as currency also because copper is less reactive than zinc, so it acts as a protective layer for the inner layer of a penny.

 B.Silver, because it has the same type of color as most coins, it is malleable, and is more lustrous than copper. 

C.Because it is much more valuable than copper.

6) a.Zinc because it is the most reactive     

   b.Copper because it is the least reactive  

7) a. Yes because the one of the substances was unreactive with the solutions and nothing happened to it. 

   b.The first solution with all of them since nothing happened.